A-POST – The front support post of a vehicle where the roof is supported by extension of the body.

ACTION CIRCLE - A "clear zone" established early on an extrication scene, ten to fifteen feet in all directions from the vehicles involved in a crash.

ACCOUNTABILITY - The process of emergency responders checking and making themselves announced as being on-scene during an incident (Incident Commander or Accountability Officer).

ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT – Basic life support plus intervention of invasive medical procedures and drugs.

AIR CHISEL - A metal cutting hand tool adapted from industry for use on the extrication scene. It is a system comprised of an air chisel gun, compressed air hose, regulator, and compressed air supply.

AIR RESCUE BAGS – Either high or low pressure bag used for extrication consisting of bags, filler hose, regulator, control valves, and compressed air supply.

AIR RESTRAINT BAG - A part of the passive passenger restraint system of a passenger car. It consists of a deflated air bag that fills quickly with a gas either electrically or mechanically activated on impact of the vehicle to occupants during a vehicle crash.

ALL CLEAR – The signal when all crash victims have been extricated and removed from the “action circle”.

ANCHOR POINT – A solid base or point from which pulling or pushing operations can be initiated and worked from during a rescue.

APPARATUS – A term usually used by Firefighters describing a piece of equipment, usually a company vehicle.

AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION – Organization or agency with legal authority over a given type of incident.

B-POST – The center post between the front (A-Post) and rear (C-Post) of a vehicle.

BASE CRIB - A type of specialized cribbing used to form a base to support weight or rescue tools to rest upon while in use.

BODY POSITION - The general term applied to the positioning of the rescuer's body away from dangerous areas near rescue tools while they are in operation under force.

BOX CRIB - This is an arrangement of 4 "x 4" or 2" x 4" wood cribbing where it is stacked in parallel pairs at right angles to the parallel pair immediately below.

C-POST – The post supporting the rear portion of the vehicle’s roof.

CARGO COMPARTMENT - The rear, (or front area on rear engine driven vehicles), compartment area of a passenger vehicle that is used to store or carry items.

CATALYTIC CONVERTER - A part of automobile exhaust system for pollution control that super heats exhaust fumes turning them into inert gases. This device can be extremely hot and is located under the vehicle’s body in the undercarriage area.

CERVICAL SPINAL IMMOBILIZATION - An important procedure of initial patient care where the cervical area of the spine is controlled by the rescuer with as little movement as possible of this area in order to prevent further injury to the cervical spine.

CIRCLE SURVEY - A method for rescue personnel to conduct a thorough survey of the crash scene that includes walking in a 360-degree circle of the entire emergency scene.

CIRCULAR SAW - The circular saw is a metal disc or blade with saw teeth on the edge as well as the machine that causes the disk to spin. It is a tool for cutting wood or other materials and may be hand-held or table-mounted.

COLLISION BEAM – A structurally steel member strategically located in the door or side wall of a vehicle and strengthens the vehicle’s side integrity limiting penetration into the passenger’s compartment during a side impact crash.

COME ALONG - This is a portable hand operated winch. It includes an operating handle, cable spindle and casing or chain cables and hooks. It is designed to be used in conjunction with rescue chains or rescue chain sling devices for pulling or lifting.

COMMAND - A term used either to describe the person in control of an emergency scene, or to denote the action of controlling an emergency scene.

COMMAND POST - The central control position on an emergency scene where the overall scene commander will be located.

COMPANY – Two or more firefighters organized to form a team and assigned to perform a certain operational function.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE – Disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through body fluids, air ingestion or skin contact.

CRIBBING - Generally refers to the specially cut and/or assembled pieces of wood used to support raised objects, as ground pads or bases to placed tools that are working, and as blocks over which chains and cables pass while moving objects.

CRITIQUE - Constructive criticism; usually a type of training session after an emergency incident or practical training session, during which rescue workers review their efforts and how these could be improved as well as the actions that rescuers performed well.

CROWD CONTROL – The safe and efficient removal of unnecessary people from the immediate area around the vehicle crash scene.

CRUMPLE ZONE – These are zones in an automobile body and chassis developed to absorb the impact energy of a vehicle crash.

CUTTERS – The part of a hydraulic rescue tool system used to cut. It may be either operated manually or mechanically.

CUTTING TOOL – Any hand, power or pneumatic tool used to cut.

DASH LIFT - A lifting maneuver on the front dash of a vehicle used to lift the dash assembly up and off of entrapped victims. This is usually done with powered hydraulic spreaders, cutters and/or rams.

DASH ROLL-UP - An actual displacement procedure where the front dash of a vehicle is rolled or pulled up using hand or power hydraulic tools.

DISPLACEMENT - A movement term that describes the moving of a part of a vehicle beyond its normal operating range, making space for the access and removal of entrapped victims.

DISPATCH – Refers to person or place designated for handling a call for help and alerting the specific resources necessary.

DOOR LATCH ASSEMBLIES - The device that keeps the door of a vehicle closed. It is generally made up of a pin in the door jam upon which a clasping device in the door itself hooks when the door is closed.

D.O.T. - A common abbreviation term designating the Department Of Transportation.

DRILLS – Training during which an emergency is simulated and trainees go through the course objectives preparing for a real emergency or situation.

EJECTION – Person ejected from vehicle.

EMS – A common abbreviation of Emergency Medical Service.

ENGINE COMPANY – A group of firefighters assigned to an apparatus with fire extinguishment capabilities.

ENGINE COMPARTMENT - The area of the vehicle in which the engine is located. It is generally separated from the vehicle passenger area by a heavily constructed firewall.

EVOLUTION - Usually used as an educational term denoting a practical procedure, i.e. roof flap, door removal, etc.

EXTRICATION - A common vehicle rescue term that is used in this text to describe procedures used by rescue personnel to remove entrapped victims from vehicles involved in a crash.

FIRE HAZARD – Materials, structures or processes that may result in creating a fire, permitting a fire to grow or preventing people from escaping a fire.

FREELANCING – Dangerous situation at an incident where an individual carries out tasks alone or without being assigned to a task by Incident Commander or team leader.

FREEZE – A command that is used when the Incident Commander or other rescuers want to make an emergency stop to all activities on the scene.

FUEL SYSTEMS - These are the systems within a vehicle that provide fuel for the engine. The components include the fuel tank, fuel lines that carry the fuel to the engine, the fuel pumping device and the fuel-distributing device at the engine itself.

FULL FRAME - A type of vehicle construction in the undercarriage that is used in some types of automobiles and light trucks.

FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - Specially designed protective clothing that is worn by rescue personnel while performing vehicle rescue procedures in and around the vehicle.

FULLY INVOLVED – Term used meaning fire, heat and smoke in a structure or vehicle are so widespread that internal access must wait until fire is knocked down or under control.

GPM – A fire abbreviation term for Gallons Per Minute flow of a liquid.

GOLDEN HOUR - That first hour after the incident where victim(s) of a vehicle crash have the best chance for recovery and can be safely delivered to an emergency medical facility.

HALIGAN BAR – A prying tool with claw spike at a right angle to the wedge.

HARD PROTECTION – Tear drop, short or long board.

HATCH BACK - Common description of a vehicle that has a rear access door to the passenger compartment area or rear storage area.

HAZARD – A source of danger in personnel injury or property damage.

HAZARD CONTROL - This describes the handling of hazards on the extrication scene. It can also denote a command sector or subdivision of command on the scene that is concerned with hazards.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS - Any materials exposed on an emergency scene that are hazardous by being poisonous, flammable, explosive, carcinogenic, or environmental pollutants. This is also known as HazMat in the emergency services.

HIGH LIFT JACK - A hand operated lifting device that is designed to mechanically lift a vehicle or object off the ground level that is commonly used in vehicle extrication for lifting, moving metal and vehicle stabilization.

HOSE LINES – A fire term that refers to a water hose that carries water to the emergency scene from a pumping source, i.e. fire engine.

INCIDENT COMMAND - A system of control of the emergency scene that is set up by predetermined procedures for effective control of complex emergency operations, such as extrication operations, etc.

INCIDENT COMMANDER – The officer or person in charge of the emergency scene who develops a strategical plan, tactical objectives, coordination and the implementation of activities at an incident.

INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER – The officer or person in charge of scene safety at an incident.

INNER CIRCLE SURVEY - The term that describes the procedure of assessing a vehicle that has been involved in a crash. This involves the full circling of the vehicle and assessment of the area in, around, and under the vehicle.

INVERTED ROOF FLAP – Commonly referred to as the “oyster “ or the “clam shell” maneuver separating the roof from the body of an automobile that is upside down (or inverted) and pushing the vehicle’s body upward.

KENDRICK EXTRICATION DEVICE - A specially designed device used in removing crash victims. It is composed of the body sling with straps and handles, chin and head straps, and a space compensatory pad.

LAMINATED GLASS - Specially designed glass used in vehicle windshields that are comprised of layered plate glass separated by clear plastic.

LEAD TIME – Total period of time from requesting resources to the actual initial action on the scene to accomplish a specific task.

LEXAN – Polycarbonate plastic used for windows, stronger than ordinary glass, and provides better insulation.

LOADED BUMPER - A term describing vehicle bumpers that are impacted during a crash, compressing upon the shock absorbing pistons, and held in this compressed position by the subsequent wreckage.

LOG ROLL - A backboard technique for placing a patient on a long backboard.

LONG BACKBOARD - This is a spinal immobilization device upon which crash victims suspected of having spinal column traumas are placed.

MANUAL HYDRAULICS - Hydraulically operated rescue tools in which the hydraulic power is generated by human effort on a manual pumping device.

MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT – Any incident that produces a large number of injured persons requiring emergency medical treatment and transportation to a medical facility.

MEANS OF EGRESS – The way out of a building or vehicle during an emergency.

MECHANISMS OF INJURY - This is the actions or objects that cause trauma injury to a patient during a vehicle crash.

MUTUAL AID – An agreement between fire, EMS companies to assist one another during emergencies by responding with additional manpower and apparatus.

NADER PIN - A door latch mechanism in vehicles designed to keep the doors closed during a vehicle crash. Also referred to as the “striker bolt”

OFF-SET CRASH – A vehicle crash situation wherein a vehicle collides at an angle into another vehicle.

ON-CALL – Personnel who can be summoned when necessary to respond to an incident..

OUTER CIRCLE SURVEY – The perimeter that extends from the edge of the inner circle and extends outwardly from crash scene.

OVERALL SCENE SAFETY - Terminology describing the safety concerns of rescuers for the entire scene of a vehicle crash. It is subdivided into personal safety, patient safety, hazard control, traffic control, crowd control, and agency control.

OVERRIDE – Vehicle over another vehicle.

PANCAKE – An inverted vehicle with roof posts collapsed.

PATIENT ACCESS - A descriptive term that denotes the action of a rescuer getting to the entrapped victims for assessment, disentanglement and care.

PATIENT SAFETY - A term describing the well being and protection that is necessary for victims involved or entrapped in a vehicle crash.

PERSONAL SAFETY This term describes the well being and protection of rescue personnel during extrication operations.

PINNED – Person trapped in or by a vehicle.

PNEUMATIC POWER - Any tool or device power source that is actuated by the application of compressed air from an air compressor or compressed air tank.

POST CRIB - A specialized vehicle rescue term describing a long piece of wood board, usually 4" x 4" x 5-6', generally used to stabilize vehicles that are on their sides (more than half-way/less than half-way).

POSTS - A vehicle anatomy term meaning the rolled sheet metal assemblies on vehicles that attach the roof to the main body of the vehicle, i.e., (A-Post, B-Post, etc.).

POWERED HYDRAULICS - Hydraulically powered rescue tools where the hydraulic operation is powered by a gasoline engine, electric motor, or PTO off the rescue unit.

PRIMARY SURVEY - In vehicle rescue, this is the initial check done by rescuers of entrapped victims.

PTO - An abbreviation for the term Power Take Off. This refers to tools and equipment that are attached to the rescue apparatus and operate off the engine of that apparatus.

PURCHASE POINT - An opening made in a vehicle that allows room for the insertion of rescue tools for the purpose of moving metal, plastic and debris.

RAM – A powered hydraulic tool designed to push or pull material straight.

RAPID PATIENT REMOVAL - A procedure of quick removal of a patient caused by the patients condition or his/hers exposure to hazards present on a crash scene.

RECIPROCATING SAW - A rescue tool designed for cutting metal and wreckage. It consists of an electrically powered saw unit that moves the blade in an in-and-out motion.

RELIEF CUT – A cut to sever material, to facilitate and minimize resistance, and create an opening to rescue victims.

RESCUE CHAIN SLING ASSEMBLY - Chain assemblies, usually provided in pairs, that are used as anchor devices to which pulling tools are attached to move metal. These are made in the configuration of a sling and include hooks, connectors, and chain, round or oblong link, chain reducers, and identification tag.

RESCUE COMPANY – A squad or group of individuals trained and equipped to enter adverse conditions and perform a rescue of victims.

ROCKER PANEL – Term used to describe the bottom portion of the door frame in a vehicle.

ROLLOVER – Vehicle that rolled over.

ROOF FLAP - The displacement procedure on an extrication scene that involves the cutting and folding up and away the roof of the vehicle.

S.A.F.E. – Abreviation for Safe And Fast Extrication.

SCENE SAFETY – Steps taken at or near an emergency scene to reduce hazards and prevent further injuries to rescuers, victims and bystanders.

SEAT BELT PRETENSIONERS – Can either be mechanically or electrically activated, reducing the amount of deceleration and force to the crash victim.

SECTORS - Sub divisions of the incident command that place specific tasks or areas of the scene under direction of individuals whom report to command.

SHORT BACKBOARD - A shortened version of a long backboard which is used to immobilize the spinal column of a sitting victim for removal from a vehicle..

S.I.R. – Seatbelt inertia reel.

S.R.S. – Supplemental restraint systems.

SIZE UP – A process to evaluate all influencing factors at an emergency incident prior to the implementation of a strategic plan for a particular course of action,
i.e. committment of personnel, equipment and additional resources, etc.

SOFT PROTECTION – Blanket, tarp or salvage cover, etc.

SPINAL IMMOBILIZATION - Critical crash victim care that involves the maintenance of the spinal column, in line, in place so that further injury to that area will be prevented due to patient removal or handling.

SPINAL TRAUMA - This is a physical injury to the spinal cord.

SPLIT STEERING COLUMN - A specific steering column design where it is made up of two or more pieces in the straight column assembly.

SPREADER - The part of a hydraulic rescue tool system that is used to spread apart wreckage. It can be manually powered or mechanically driven.

SPRING LOADED CENTER PUNCH - A tool adapted to the vehicle extrication scene that is used to break tempered glass. It is a small spring loaded cylinder with a pointed tip which loads into the handle as it is being pressed down and fires out rapidly as pressure is applied, thus breaking tempered glass.

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STACK CRIB - Also known as a box crib. This is the configuration of 2" x 4" or 4" x 4" wood cribs that are placed in a stack as an object is being lifted by tools.

STAGING AREA - A designated area away from the extrication scene where additional apparatus and manpower are placed in reserve until needed at the scene.

STANDARD OPERATING GUIDELINES - Formal guidelines developed by an emergency organization to assist in pre-planning emergency operations and procedures prior to the incident.

STANDARD RESPONSE – A predetermined amount of emergency response that will be dispatched to a particular type of incident.

STEERING DISPLACEMENT - The moving or forcing of a steering assembly out of its normal operating range in order to provide room for victim access and removal.

STEP CHOCKS - Specialized cribbing assemblies made out of wood or plastic blocks assembled in a stair step configuration.

STRADDLE LIFT – A method of placing a prone victim on a long board by lifting the victim and sliding the long board underneath.

T-BONE - A descriptive term that denotes the type of vehicle crash where one vehicle collides into the side of another vehicle.

TEAM APPROACH – Rescuers work as a team organized under a common objective to successfully and efficiently achieve positive results.

TEMPERED GLASS - Specially designed glass used in a vehicles side and rear window that is resistant to breakage.

THIRD DOOR CONVERSION - A term that describes a displacement evolution used to open the rear side panel of a two door automobile creating a "third door" or access opening to the entrapped victim.

THUMBS UP – Means turn on the power to the unit.

THUMBS DOWN – Means turn off the power to the unit.

TILT WHEEL STEERING - This is the type of steering column assembly of a vehicle that adjusts up or down for the driver.

TOOL REACTION - This term describes the movement of rescue tools while they are applying force on wreckage. This reaction can be the turning of the tool, the slipping off its point of contact and a sudden release of the tool while under force which causes an unexpected reaction.

TOOL STAGING - A general vehicle rescue scene operation where tools and equipment are placed in a central designated area for potential use at the damaged vehicles.

TRACK CRIBBING - A cribbing set up that entails the placing of 4" x4" cribs so that they slide on themselves as chains or cables pass over them during steering displacement or metal moving operations. This may also be referred to as slide cribbing.

TRAFFIC CONTROL – The term used to describe the safe re-routing or halting of vehicle traffic on a roadway in order to provide for the safety of the rescuers.

TRAINING EVOLUTION - Learning operations, generally practical in nature, that develop hands on skills for police, fire, EMS and rescue personnel.

TRAUMA - A general descriptive term that injuries to a person resulting from being struck by, hit against, or penetrated by an outside object or force.

TRIAGE - A decision process where problems presented are given priority, giving the situation more orderliness for solution. Usually used in context with victim handling and treatment of injuries.

TRUNK ACCESS - The procedure for opening the cargo compartment area of a vehicle.

TUNNEL VISION – One objective in mind and rescuers are not aware of your surroundings and/or changing surroundings.

UNDERRIDE – Vehicle under another vehicle.

UNI-BODY - A type of vehicle construction that uses the floor panels and undercarriage as a structural element of the vehicle eliminating the need for a full chassis for vehicle body support.

WEDGE - Cribbing shaped in the form of a wedge that is used to tighten and secure cribbing assemblies supporting weight. Usually used as a "gap" filler.

WORKING LOAD LIMIT - The recommended limit of force measured in pounds of weight, that rope, chain, or cable can be safely operated with. It denotes how much weight the rope, chain, or cable can lift safely. (Also denoted by abbreviation, W.L.L.).